Book reviews     

David J. Wasserstein  Dionisius A. Agius  Paul J. Fedwick  Geoffrey Khan  Mark D. Meyerson  John V. Tolan 《Al-Masaq: Islam & the Medieval Mediterranean》1996,9(1):201-224

Zwartjes, Otto, ed. La Sociedad andalusí y sus tradiciones literarias (Foro Hispánico, 7). Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1994.

Brincat, Joseph M. Malta 870–1054: Al‐Himyai's Account and its Linguistic Implications. Malta: Said International Ltd., 1995. 52pp.

Sells, Michael A. Mystical Languages of Unsaying. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1994. 316 pp., US$18.95 (paperback), US$49.91 (cloth).

Diem, Werner, Arabische Geschäftsbriefe des 10. bis 14. Jahrhunderts aus der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek in Wien (Documents Arabica Antiqua 1), 2 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1995. Textband ix+518pp., Tafelband 76 plates.

Coope, Jessica A. The Martyrs of Cordoba: Community and Family Conflict in an Age of Mass Conversion. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995. xvii+113 pp., US$ 25 (cloth).

Edwards, John. Religion and Society in Spain, c.1492 (Variorum Collected Studies Series: CS 520). Aldershot and Brookfield: Variorum, 1996. x+351 pp., US$ 97.00 (cloth).

Tolan, John Victor, ed. Medìeval Christian Perceptions of Islam. A Book of Essays (Garland Medieval Casebooks, Volume 10). New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1996. xxi+414 pp., US$60.00 (cloth).  相似文献   

How Persuasive Are Health Advertisements in First-Person Shooter Games? Exploring Knowledge-Activation and Thought-Disruption Mechanisms     

Jorge Peña  Subuhi Khan  Christopher N. Burrows  Hart Blanton 《Communication Research Reports》2018,35(4):293-302

This study examined whether persuasive health messages embedded in shooter games have broad or targeted effects on players’ willingness to engage in risk behaviors (N = 145). Participants presented with in-game health messages discouraging alcohol-impaired driving of motor vehicles showed reduced willingness to drink alcohol and to operate both motor and nonmotor vehicles, compared to those in a no-message gaming control condition. There were no spillover effects on willingness to smoke cigarettes or marijuana, thus implying targeted persuasive effects. In addition, players experiencing high instead of low cognitive load showed decreased postexperiment willingness to drink and operate nonmotor vehicles, thus suggesting that playing a game under high cognitive load can influence players’ attitudes. The findings replicate previous research and further expand on knowledge-activation and thought-disruption mechanisms underlying the persuasiveness of health messages.  相似文献   

Financing higher education in Pakistan     

Shahrukh R. Khan 《Higher Education》1991,21(2):207-222

A recent shift in the allocation of public expenditure towards higher education prompts several questions: Is this allocation economically justified? Are these resources well utilized? Is there significant cost recovery of these expenditures? If not, who benefits from the subsidy these expenditures represent? Are there alternative means of financing higher education? This paper attempts to provide answers to these questions, which can be briefly summarized as follows: Estimates of social rates of returns do not support the reallocation of public expenditures away from primary towards higher education; low retention rates and high failure rates suggest that the internal efficiency in the utilization of these expenditures is low; currently, almost all public expenditures on higher education represent a subsidy; given the tax burden and enrollment ratios by income group, the lower income groups seem to be gaining most from these subsidies; a start has been made at private sector higher education with the opening of two professional universities, but the prospects of general universities currently opening appears to be dim. Pakistan has a well designed loan program in operation although its quantitative impact is currently limited.  相似文献   

Urinary iodine levels in three ecological zones of Bangladesh     

Salamatullah Quazi  M. Mohiduzzaman  Moududur R. Khan  B. Nahar  M. Mostafizur Rahman  M. Nurul Islam  M. Baquer  Chandrakant S. Pandav  Harun K. M. Yusuf 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》1997,12(2):128-133

Urinary iodine levels in children (5–11 years) and in adult males and females (15–44 years) of three ecological zones (hilly, flood-prone and plains) of Bangladesh were analyzed to determine the status of biochemical iodine deficiency in the country. Data indicated that a large majority of the population all over Bangladesh have biochemical iodine deficiency urinary iodine excretion (UIE) less than the accepted cut-off level of 10 μg/dl. Adults were deficient to comparable degrees, 31.3% severely iodine deficient. The flood-prone zone was less affected: 71.7% children had iodine deficiency and 25% were severely deficient. Adults of this zone were less affected than the children. Iodine deficiency was least severe in the plain zone: 59.8% children were biochemically iodine deficient and of them 23.4% had UIE less than 2.0 μg/dl. In the case of the adults of this zone, 60.8% were biochemically iodine deficient and 20.6% had severe iodine deficiency. The results indicate that Bangladesh as a whole is an iodine deficient region, with the hilly zone being the most severely affected. Children were slightly more affected than the adults, and females were more affected than the males.  相似文献   

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of goat ovaries,follicles and oocytes in view of in vitro production of embryos     

Islam MR  Khandoker MA  Afroz S  Rahman MG  Khan RI 《Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B》2007,8(7):465-469

Goat ovaries were collected from the slaughterhouse and categorized as right, left, corpus luteum （CL）-present and -absent group and evaluated on the basis of weight （g）, length （cm）, width （cm）, number of follicles, follicles aspirated and number and state ofcumulus-oocyte-complexes （COCs）. Comparatively higher weight [（0.66±0.02） vs （0.64±0.02） g], length [（1.17±0.02） vs （1.1 ±0.02） cm] and width [（0.77±0.02） vs （0.74±0.02） cm] were found in right ovaries than those of left. On the other hand significantly （P〈0.05） higher weight [（0.71±0.03） vs （0.64±0.01） g] and width [（0.76±0.03） vs （0.75±0.01） cm] were found in CL-present group than those of CL-absent group of ovaries. The left ovaries contained comparatively higher number of normal COCs [（1.06±0.09） per ovary] than fight ovaries [（1.03±0.10） per ovary] and the similar trend was found in total number of follicles [（4.51±0.25） vs （4.30±0.23） per ovary] and follicles aspirated [（2.55±0.14） vs （2.52±0.12） per ovary]. But the total COCs per ovary was almost similar in both ovaries [right and left： （1.85±0.12） and （1.85±0.11） per ovary, respectively]. Higher number of total COCs [（1.87±0.09） vs （1.76±0.16） per ovary], total number of follicles [（4.45±0.19） vs （4.16±0.37） per ovary], follicles aspirated [（2.55±0.10） vs （2.48±0.21） per ovary] and normal COCs [（1.12±0.07） vs （0.76±0.14） per ovary] were found in CL-absent group than those of CL-present group of ovaries.  相似文献   

Older Women and Lower Self-Rated Health     

Tengku Aizan Hamid  Sharifah Norazizan Syed Abdul Rashid 《Educational gerontology》2013,39(6):521-528

Several studies have found that older women report lower self-rated health than men. However, it is not clear why older women are more likely to report poor self-rated health than older men. Data for this study came from a national cross-sectional survey, Mental Health and Quality of Life of Older Malaysians (MHQoLOM). Included in the survey were 2980 respondents consisting of Malaysians aged 60 years and over, with both men (n = 1428) and women (n = 1552) represented. Results of t-tests showed older men expressed significantly higher levels of self-rated health and self-esteem than women (p < .01). Separate multivariate regression by gender revealed that age, life-threatening problems, and self-esteem were highly significant predictors of self-rated health among older men and women and explained 18.4% of variance in self-rated health for men and 18.2% for women. In the last step we examined the main effects of gender on self-rated health using General Linear Models (GLM) Univariate by adjusting for age, life-threatening problems, and self-esteem. Results showed an insignificant difference in self-rated health between older men and women (F _(1,2715) = 2.26, P = 0.13) only after adjusting for self-esteem. It can be concluded that self-esteem affects responses to self-rated health of older men and women.  相似文献   

Book reviews     

Czesŀaw Kupisiewicz  J. A. Majasan  Silvia Mercedes Guruni  Abdul Quadir Yousuf 《Prospects》1975,5(4):533-545

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Use of digital game based learning and gamification in secondary school science: The effect on student engagement,learning and gender difference     

Amna Khan  Farzana Hayat Ahmad  Muhammad Muddassir Malik 《Education and Information Technologies》2017,22(6):2767-2804

This study aimed to identify the impact of a game based learning (GBL) application using computer technologies on student engagement in secondary school science classrooms. The literature reveals that conventional Science teaching techniques (teacher-centered lecture and teaching), which foster rote learning among students, are one of the major concerns in Pakistan Education system. This leads to student disengagement in science lessons eventually resulting in student absenteeism and dropouts from the schools. This study consisted of five stages: (1) examining the impact of Digital Game-Based Learning (DGBL) and gamification on engagement, learning and gender difference, and literature related to using DGBL models for instructional design; (2) planning learning activities and developing a GBL application based on a specific content in Science; (3) conducting an intervention with a sample of 72 participants of 8th grade (aged 12–15) in a low cost private school of Pakistan following quasi-experimental research framework; (4) observing behaviour and emotions of the participants during science lessons; (5) conducting pre and post tests to assess the learning outcomes of participants followed by focus groups discussion. Analysis from Friedman test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Wilcoxon Signed Rank test show that the GBL application has a positive influence on student engagement. However, GBL application was not equally effective for all students since girls outperformed boys in terms of engagement and learning outcomes. This study gives insights into the development of better educational games to promote student learning.  相似文献   

Evaluation of urinary abnormalities in nephrolithiasis patients from Marathwada region     

Sharda R. Deshmukh  Zia H. Khan 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》2006,21(1):177-180

Urinary abnormalities were evaluated in 100 renal stone patients with first episode of renal stone having age 22 to 45 years from both sex and compared to 100 normal healthy control group having same age group from both sex. Twenty-four hours urinary oxalate, calcium, uric acid, sodium, magnesium, phosphorus and citrate were estimated. The urinary pH was also determined. In stone formers urinary oxalate, calcium, sodium and uric acid excretions were significantly higher when compared with control group. Whereas citrate, phosphate and magnesium excretion were significantly lower in stone formers when compared with control. The pH of urine in stone formers was lower than the controls. High dietary intake of purine rich diet causes elevated excretion of uric acid, which leads to calcium oxalate crystal formation and precipitation. Other risk factors such as urinary oxalate, calcium also related to formation of renal calculi. Hypocitraturia is the main cause of renal calculi along with hypomagnesiuria and hypophosphaturia in the patient of Marathwada region. On the basis of urinary abnormalities further stone formation in the patient can be prevented by dietary modifications.  相似文献   

A survey of interval observers design methods and implementation for uncertain systems     

Awais Khan  Wei Xie  Bo Zhang  Long-Wen Liu 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》2021,358(6):3077-3126

The goal of the interval observers is to deal with the large but bounded uncertainties and disturbances by determining certain interval (upper and lower estimates) for the system states at each time instant. The mean of the interval that should be minimized can be considered as the point-wise estimate whereas the interval width provides the admissible deviation from that value. Thus, an interval estimation error bound is provided at any time instant that converges to zero in the absence of exogenous signals. Interval observers can be used in a wide range of applications because of its reliable uncertainties propagation such as robust control of linear and non-linear systems, fault detection and isolation, anti-disturbance controller design and so on. This paper presents some of the basic concepts and recent results obtained to design interval observers for uncertain systems like discrete-time, continuous-time, Linear Parameter Varying (LPV) systems and multiagent/interconnected systems. In addition, it also presents a brief discussion of the main approaches with some future recommendations.  相似文献